The Limitations of the Study

Oct 13, 2025 by leolavanderia.com.br 16 views

The Relationship between S100β and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Protein Content to Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Patients with Acute Hemorrhagic Stroke at H Adam Malik Hospital in 2021

Introduction

Every year, around 15 million people worldwide experience a stroke, with 5 million of them dying and 5 million others experiencing permanent disability. Hemorrhagic stroke, which is a type of stroke due to bleeding, has a higher mortality rate and disability compared to ischemic stroke. In Indonesia, the prevalence of stroke reaches 10.9% of the total population. In several studies, S100β protein content is proven to be a functional predictor for acute stroke patients. In addition, an increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of inflammation of hemorrhagic stroke is also in the spotlight. At present, CRP is widely proposed as a risk assessment tool and prognostic marker on hemorrhagic stroke. Both, S100β and CRP, are expected to provide information about the prognosis of hemorrhagic stroke patients.

The Importance of S100β and CRP in Hemorrhagic Stroke

S100β protein content is a marker of nerve cell damage, and high levels of this protein can reflect the severity of the brain injury. Meanwhile, CRP is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Increased CRP levels indicate an inflammatory process that can contribute to tissue damage. The relationship between S100β and CRP levels to Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is very important in determining the prognosis of hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Methodology

This study aims to analyze the relationship between S100β and CRP protein content in blood serum against Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in patients with acute hemorrhagic strokes treated at Adam Malik Hajj Hospital, Medan, in 2021. This study is an analytic study with cohort design Prospective, where samples are taken based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

The results showed that the significance value between S100β and GCS levels was 0.9 with a correlation coefficient (R) of 1.0, while the relationship between CRP and GCS showed a significance value of 0.26 with the correlation coefficient (R) of 1.0. From this analysis, it can be concluded that there is no correlation between S100β and CRP protein content against GCS acute hemorrhagic stroke patients at H Adam Malik Hospital in 2021.

Discussion

Although this study found the absence of a significant correlation between S100β and CRP levels to GCS, it is important to note that the complexity of hemorrhagic strokes and individual variability of patients can affect the results. Other factors such as age, sex, medical history, and medical intervention time may also play a role in determining the clinical outcome of the patient.

The Limitations of the Study

This study has several limitations. Firstly, the sample size is relatively small, which may not be representative of the entire population. Secondly, the study only focuses on patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke, and the results may not be applicable to patients with other types of stroke. Finally, the study only measures S100β and CRP levels, and other biomarkers may also play a role in determining the prognosis of hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study found no correlation between S100β and CRP protein content against GCS acute hemorrhagic stroke patients at H Adam Malik Hospital in 2021. However, further research is needed to understand more about the mechanism that underlies the relationship between this biomarker and the prognostic of hemorrhagic stroke patients. With a better understanding, we can develop a more effective intervention strategy to improve the quality of treatment for patients who experience serious conditions.

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on understanding the mechanism that underlies the relationship between S100β and CRP levels to GCS. This can be achieved by conducting a larger-scale study with a more diverse sample population. Additionally, other biomarkers should be investigated to determine their role in determining the prognosis of hemorrhagic stroke patients.

References

[1] World Health Organization. (2019). Stroke.
[2] S100β protein content as a functional predictor for acute stroke patients.
[3] C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of inflammation of hemorrhagic stroke.
[4] Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) as a prognostic marker for hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Tables and Figures

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the study population.
Table 2: S100β and CRP levels in patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke.
Figure 1: Correlation between S100β and GCS levels.
Figure 2: Correlation between CRP and GCS levels.

Appendices

Appendix A: Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Appendix B: Data collection tools.
Appendix C: Data analysis procedures.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the Relationship between S100β and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Protein Content to Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Patients with Acute Hemorrhagic Stroke

Q: What is the purpose of this study?

A: The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between S100β and CRP protein content in blood serum against Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in patients with acute hemorrhagic strokes treated at Adam Malik Hajj Hospital, Medan, in 2021.

Q: What are S100β and CRP?

A: S100β is a protein produced by glial cells in the brain and is considered an indicator of nerve cell damage. High levels of this protein can reflect the severity of the brain injury. CRP is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Increased CRP levels indicate an inflammatory process that can contribute to tissue damage.

Q: What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?

A: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological scale used to assess the level of consciousness in a person. It is a widely used tool to evaluate the severity of brain injury and to predict the outcome of patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke.

Q: What were the results of this study?

A: The results of this study showed that there is no correlation between S100β and CRP protein content against GCS acute hemorrhagic stroke patients at H Adam Malik Hospital in 2021.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: This study has several limitations. Firstly, the sample size is relatively small, which may not be representative of the entire population. Secondly, the study only focuses on patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke, and the results may not be applicable to patients with other types of stroke. Finally, the study only measures S100β and CRP levels, and other biomarkers may also play a role in determining the prognosis of hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Q: What are the implications of this study?

A: The implications of this study are that S100β and CRP levels may not be useful as prognostic markers for acute hemorrhagic stroke patients. However, further research is needed to understand more about the mechanism that underlies the relationship between this biomarker and the prognostic of hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Q: What are the future research directions?

A: Future research should focus on understanding the mechanism that underlies the relationship between S100β and CRP levels to GCS. This can be achieved by conducting a larger-scale study with a more diverse sample population. Additionally, other biomarkers should be investigated to determine their role in determining the prognosis of hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Q: What are the potential applications of this study?

A: The potential applications of this study are that it can provide valuable information for clinicians to make informed decisions about the treatment of patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke. Additionally, it can contribute to the development of more effective intervention strategies to improve the quality of treatment for patients who experience serious conditions.

Q: What are the potential limitations of this study?

A: The potential limitations of this study are that it may not be generalizable to other populations, and the results may not be applicable to patients with other types of stroke. Additionally, the study only measures S100β and CRP levels, and other biomarkers may also play a role in determining the prognosis of hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Q: What are the potential future directions of this research?

A: The potential future directions of this research are that it can be used to develop more effective intervention strategies to improve the quality of treatment for patients who experience serious conditions. Additionally, it can contribute to the development of more effective prognostic markers for acute hemorrhagic stroke patients.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for clinical practice?

A: The potential implications of this study for clinical practice are that it can provide valuable information for clinicians to make informed decisions about the treatment of patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke. Additionally, it can contribute to the development of more effective intervention strategies to improve the quality of treatment for patients who experience serious conditions.

Q: What are the potential implications of this study for future research?

A: The potential implications of this study for future research are that it can contribute to the development of more effective prognostic markers for acute hemorrhagic stroke patients. Additionally, it can provide valuable information for clinicians to make informed decisions about the treatment of patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke.