The Influence of Modifiable Risk Factors on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at the Hadrianus Sinaga Pangururan General Hospital in Samosir Regency

Oct 13, 2025 by leolavanderia.com.br 46 views

The Influence of Modifiable Risk Factors on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at the Hadrianus Sinaga Pangururan General Hospital in Samosir Regency

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and degenerative disease that affects millions of people worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence of DM is expected to reach 335 million cases by 2025. In Indonesia, DM is ranked fourth in the world, with a significant number of cases reported in North Sumatra Province. The Hadrianus Sinaga Pangururan General Hospital in Samosir Regency has also seen an increase in the number of DM patient visits between 2008 and 2010. This study aims to analyze the effect of modifiable risk factors on DM, such as body mass index (BMI), hypertension, physical activity, high carbohydrate diet, and low fiber diet, in patients at the General Hospital Dr. Hadrianus Sinaga, Samosir Regency.

Background

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease that is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Modifiable risk factors, such as lifestyle choices, play a significant role in the development and management of DM. A study by Riskesda in 2007 reported a prevalence of DM in North Sumatra Province of 1.98%, with a higher number of cases reported in Medan (2.7%) compared to Samosir (0.3%). However, data from the General Hospital Dr. Hadrianus Sinaga showed an increase in the number of DM patient visits between 2008 and 2010, indicating a growing concern for the disease in the region.

Methodology

This study used an observational design with a control case study approach. The sample consisted of 69 patients in the case group and 69 patients in the control group. Data analysis was carried out using bivariate tests, including Chi-Square, and multivariate analysis using multiple logistics regression.

Results

The results of the bivariate analysis show that all modifiable risk factor variables have a significant influence on DM. The results are as follows:

Body Mass Index (BMI): The relationship between BMI and DM was significant, with a p-value of 0.000 and an odds ratio (OR) of 5.2.
Hypertension: The relationship between hypertension and DM was significant, with a p-value of 0.028 and an OR of 2.26.
Physical Activity: The relationship between physical activity and DM was significant, with a p-value of 0.024 and an OR of 2.37.
High Carbohydrate Diet: The relationship between high carbohydrate diet and DM was significant, with a p-value of 0.007 and an OR of 2.99.
Low Fiber Diet: The relationship between low fiber diet and DM was significant, with a p-value of 0.009 and an OR of 10.2.

In addition, multivariate analysis showed that BMI ≥ 23 kg/m² was the variable that most influenced the occurrence of DM, with a p-value of 0.000.

Discussion

The results of this study suggest that modifiable risk factors, such as BMI, hypertension, physical activity, high carbohydrate diet, and low fiber diet, have a significant influence on type 2 diabetes mellitus. These findings are consistent with previous studies that have reported a strong association between lifestyle choices and the development of DM.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of modifiable risk factors in the development and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results of this study suggest that positive lifestyle changes, such as reducing BMI, increasing physical activity, and adopting a healthy diet, are essential in preventing and managing DM in the community, especially in Samosir Regency.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:

Lifestyle Changes: People in Samosir Regency should change their lifestyle by adopting a healthy diet, reducing carbohydrate intake, and increasing physical activity.
Dietary Changes: Eating patterns should be replaced by consuming high fiber foods, such as green beans, soybeans, beans, and guava.
Regular Exercise: Regular and sustainable exercise routines should be applied to reduce the risk of developing DM.

Limitations

This study has several limitations, including:

Sample Size: The sample size was relatively small, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.
Study Design: The study used an observational design, which may be subject to biases and confounding variables.

Future Directions

Future studies should aim to replicate the findings of this study using a larger sample size and a more robust study design. Additionally, studies should investigate the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in preventing and managing DM in the community.

Keywords

Diabetes mellitus
Modifiable risk factors
Body mass index (BMI)
Hypertension
Physical activity
High carbohydrate diet
Low fiber diet
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the Influence of Modifiable Risk Factors on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Q: What is type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM)?

A: Type 2 DM is a chronic and degenerative disease that affects the way the body regulates blood sugar levels. It is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Q: What are modifiable risk factors for type 2 DM?

A: Modifiable risk factors for type 2 DM include:

Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23 kg/m²
Hypertension (blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg)
Lack of physical activity
High carbohydrate diet
Low fiber diet

Q: What is the relationship between BMI and type 2 DM?

A: The results of this study show that BMI ≥ 23 kg/m² is a significant risk factor for type 2 DM, with a p-value of 0.000 and an odds ratio (OR) of 5.2.

Q: How does hypertension affect type 2 DM?

A: The results of this study show that hypertension is a significant risk factor for type 2 DM, with a p-value of 0.028 and an OR of 2.26.

Q: What is the role of physical activity in preventing type 2 DM?

A: The results of this study show that physical activity is a significant protective factor against type 2 DM, with a p-value of 0.024 and an OR of 2.37.

Q: How does diet affect type 2 DM?

A: The results of this study show that a high carbohydrate diet and a low fiber diet are significant risk factors for type 2 DM, with p-values of 0.007 and 0.009, respectively, and ORs of 2.99 and 10.2, respectively.

Q: What are the recommendations for preventing and managing type 2 DM?

A: Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:

Lifestyle changes: People should change their lifestyle by adopting a healthy diet, reducing carbohydrate intake, and increasing physical activity.
Dietary changes: Eating patterns should be replaced by consuming high fiber foods, such as green beans, soybeans, beans, and guava.
Regular exercise: Regular and sustainable exercise routines should be applied to reduce the risk of developing DM.

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: This study has several limitations, including:

Sample size: The sample size was relatively small, which may limit the generalizability of the findings.
Study design: The study used an observational design, which may be subject to biases and confounding variables.

Q: What are the future directions for research on type 2 DM?

A: Future studies should aim to replicate the findings of this study using a larger sample size and a more robust study design. Additionally, studies should investigate the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in preventing and managing DM in the community.

Q: How can individuals reduce their risk of developing type 2 DM?

A: Individuals can reduce their risk of developing type 2 DM by:

Maintaining a healthy weight
Engaging in regular physical activity
Eating a balanced diet that is low in carbohydrates and high in fiber
Managing hypertension
Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption

Q: What resources are available for individuals with type 2 DM?

A: Individuals with type 2 DM can access a range of resources, including:

Healthcare providers: Individuals can consult with healthcare providers to develop a personalized treatment plan.
Support groups: Individuals can join support groups to connect with others who are living with type 2 DM.
Online resources: Individuals can access online resources, such as the American Diabetes Association website, for information and support.

Keywords

Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Modifiable risk factors
Body mass index (BMI)
Hypertension
Physical activity
High carbohydrate diet
Low fiber diet
Lifestyle changes
Dietary changes
Regular exercise