Consolidation of Political Parties

Oct 13, 2025 by leolavanderia.com.br 57 views

The Development of a Presidential Government System in Multi-Party Practices in Indonesia after the Amendment to the 1945 Constitution

Introduction

The amendment to the 1945 Constitution in 1999-2002 brought significant changes to the structure of the Indonesian constitution, particularly in terms of the distribution of executive power (president/vice president), legislative (House of Representatives), and Judiciary (Supreme Court and Constitutional Court). Although Indonesia adheres to a presidential system, this amendment has strengthened the role of the DPR in overseeing the president, making the Indonesian government system seem more parliamentary. The uniqueness of the presidential system in Indonesia lies in the direct election of the President by the people, with presidential and vice presidential candidates proposed by political parties, creating close relations between the presidential and multiparty systems.

Theoretical Framework

To analyze the dynamics of the presidential government system in Indonesia, this article refers to several theories:

People's Sovereignty

This theory, developed by Henry B. Mayo, emphasizes that the people hold the highest authority and have the right to elect their leaders. The democratic system, with political representatives and general elections, is the implementation of this theory. The people's sovereignty theory is essential in understanding the presidential system in Indonesia, where the President is directly elected by the people.

Power Division

This theory, popularized by Montesquieu, divided state power into three branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary. This theory is used to analyze how ideal power sharing in the presidential system in Indonesia. The power division theory is crucial in understanding the distribution of power between the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches in Indonesia.

Party System

This theory, developed by Sartori and Maurice Duverger, examined the influence of the number and character of political parties on political stability. This article uses this theory to analyze multiparty implications for the presidential system in Indonesia. The party system theory is essential in understanding the impact of multiparty practices on the presidential system in Indonesia.

The Development of the Presidential and Multiparty Systems

The development of the presidential government system in Indonesia has experienced ups and downs since 1945. The combination of the presidential and multiparty systems has been implemented since the beginning of independence. Amendments to the 1945 Constitution, especially the third amendment, strengthen multiparty practices by implementing direct elections of the president through political parties or a combination of political parties. This encouraged the emergence of many new parties participating in the election.

This situation is in accordance with the theory of the Sartori party system, which states that Indonesia adheres to an extreme multiparty system (more than three political parties). This system is considered less ideal for the Indonesian presidential system, which should implement a simple multiparty system to achieve strong political stability and government.

Multiparty Implications for the Presidential System

Extreme multiparty practices in Indonesia have led to a number of challenges for the presidential system. This causes:

Political Instability

Complex and dynamic party coalitions in extreme multiparty systems can cause divisions and conflicts in parliament, making it difficult to build a strong and stable government.

Internal Competition

The number of political parties can trigger intense internal competition, hamper cooperation and collaboration to achieve common goals.

Lack of Accountability

Complex multiparty systems can obscure the accountability of political parties to the people.

Conclusion

Amendments to the 1945 Constitution, especially the third amendment, have strengthened the multiparty system in Indonesia. Although this system provides space for people's participation, the practice of extreme multiparty in Indonesia has a serious challenge for political and government stability in the presidential system.

It is essential to find solutions so that the multiparty system in Indonesia can run in harmony with the presidential system. Encouraging the consolidation of political parties, building an adult political culture, and increasing the accountability of political parties to the people is an important step to achieve strong political stability and government in Indonesia.

Recommendations

To address the challenges of the presidential system in Indonesia, the following recommendations are proposed:

Consolidation of Political Parties: Encourage the consolidation of political parties to reduce the number of parties and promote stability.
Adult Political Culture: Build an adult political culture that emphasizes the importance of accountability, transparency, and good governance.
Increased Accountability: Increase the accountability of political parties to the people by implementing mechanisms that promote transparency and accountability.
Reform of the Electoral System: Reform the electoral system to promote fair and competitive elections, and to reduce the influence of money in politics.
Strengthening of the Judiciary: Strengthen the judiciary to ensure that it is independent and impartial, and that it can effectively check the power of the executive and legislative branches.

By implementing these recommendations, Indonesia can promote a more stable and effective presidential system that serves the interests of the people.
Frequently Asked Questions: The Development of a Presidential Government System in Multi-Party Practices in Indonesia after the Amendment to the 1945 Constitution

Q&A

Q: What is the significance of the amendment to the 1945 Constitution in 1999-2002?

A: The amendment to the 1945 Constitution in 1999-2002 brought significant changes to the structure of the Indonesian constitution, particularly in terms of the distribution of executive power (president/vice president), legislative (House of Representatives), and Judiciary (Supreme Court and Constitutional Court).

Q: What is the uniqueness of the presidential system in Indonesia?

A: The uniqueness of the presidential system in Indonesia lies in the direct election of the President by the people, with presidential and vice presidential candidates proposed by political parties, creating close relations between the presidential and multiparty systems.

Q: What is the theory of people's sovereignty, and how does it relate to the presidential system in Indonesia?

A: The theory of people's sovereignty, developed by Henry B. Mayo, emphasizes that the people hold the highest authority and have the right to elect their leaders. The democratic system, with political representatives and general elections, is the implementation of this theory. The people's sovereignty theory is essential in understanding the presidential system in Indonesia, where the President is directly elected by the people.

Q: What is the power division theory, and how does it relate to the presidential system in Indonesia?

A: The power division theory, popularized by Montesquieu, divided state power into three branches: executive, legislative, and judiciary. This theory is used to analyze how ideal power sharing in the presidential system in Indonesia. The power division theory is crucial in understanding the distribution of power between the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches in Indonesia.

Q: What is the party system theory, and how does it relate to the presidential system in Indonesia?

A: The party system theory, developed by Sartori and Maurice Duverger, examined the influence of the number and character of political parties on political stability. This article uses this theory to analyze multiparty implications for the presidential system in Indonesia. The party system theory is essential in understanding the impact of multiparty practices on the presidential system in Indonesia.

Q: What are the challenges of the presidential system in Indonesia?

A: Extreme multiparty practices in Indonesia have led to a number of challenges for the presidential system, including:

Political instability: Complex and dynamic party coalitions in extreme multiparty systems can cause divisions and conflicts in parliament, making it difficult to build a strong and stable government.
Internal competition: The number of political parties can trigger intense internal competition, hamper cooperation and collaboration to achieve common goals.
Lack of accountability: Complex multiparty systems can obscure the accountability of political parties to the people.

Q: What are the recommendations to address the challenges of the presidential system in Indonesia?

A: To address the challenges of the presidential system in Indonesia, the following recommendations are proposed:

Consolidation of political parties: Encourage the consolidation of political parties to reduce the number of parties and promote stability.
Adult political culture: Build an adult political culture that emphasizes the importance of accountability, transparency, and good governance.
Increased accountability: Increase the accountability of political parties to the people by implementing mechanisms that promote transparency and accountability.
Reform of the electoral system: Reform the electoral system to promote fair and competitive elections, and to reduce the influence of money in politics.
Strengthening of the judiciary: Strengthen the judiciary to ensure that it is independent and impartial, and that it can effectively check the power of the executive and legislative branches.

By implementing these recommendations, Indonesia can promote a more stable and effective presidential system that serves the interests of the people.